Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences

Investigative Genetics

Table 3 Current and ancestral estimates of male effective population size (N _m ) based on simulations of the HGDP NRY sequences

	Mean	Mode	95% HPD	R²	Bias	RMSE	Coverage	Factor 2
Current sizes
Africa	6,565	7,662	4,632-7,898	0.99	−0.01	0.11	100	1
Oceania	2,060	2,172	1,920-2,188	0.92	0	0.04	75	1
Europe	3,815	4,327	2,814-4,456	0.99	0.02	0.11	98	1
Central Asia	8,579	8,888	8,155-8,961	0.97	0	0.03	94	1
East Asia	22,009	22,630	21,113-22,901	0.96	0	0.03	81	1
Americas	685	746	566-789	0.95	0	0.11	79	1
Ancestral sizes
Africa	32	48	2-75	0.69	2.97	2.62	81	0.63
Out-of-Africa	15	10	1-59	0.69	3.27	2.61	75	0.69
Oceania	30	12	3-62	0.67	1.91	2.19	88	0.56
Europe	18	17	1-42	0.70	2.77	2.43	83	0.62
Central Asia	74	122	10-129	0.78	1.18	1.09	89	0.78
East Asia	4,935	4,704	4,269-5,664	0.98	−0.02	0.07	89	1
Americas	21	28	2-45	0.58	2.41	2.39	80	0.64

The simulations assumed the model of population history in Figure 1 and the mean divergence time estimates in Table 2. Simulations were carried out with a uniform prior distribution on N_m of 1 to 100,000 for each regional group. The statistics for the pseudo-observed values (R², Bias, RMSE, Coverage, and Factor 2) are as defined in the legend to Table 2.

ISSN: 2041-2223