Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences

Investigative Genetics

Table 4 Current and ancestral estimates of female effective population size (N _f ) based on simulations of the HGDP mtDNA sequences

	Mean	Mode	95% HPD	R²	Bias	RMSE	Coverage	Factor 2
Current sizes
Africa	11,505	11,841	11,052-11,951	0.93	−0.01	0.03	75	1
Oceania	3,509	3,936	3,053-3,952	0.98	−0.02	0.09	74	1
Europe	8,029	8,895	7,111-8,906	0.98	0.01	0.07	91	1
Central Asia	29,513	30,740	28,155-30,853	0.97	0	0.03	80	1
East Asia	100,111	108,787	91,032-109,030	0.97	0	0.06	71	1
Americas	1,802	2,030	1,531-2,070	0.97	0.04	0.10	78	1
Ancestral sizes
Africa	57	10	5-113	0.67	1.96	1.88	82	1
Out-of-Africa	26	5	1-107	0.69	5.48	3.98	75	1
Oceania	52	13	4-112	0.65	2.09	2.21	90	1
Europe	118	23	10-253	0.88	3.09	2.77	73	1
Central Asia	1,663	2,863	372-2,956	0.91	0.19	0.41	97	1
East Asia	4,710	7,274	1,310-8,374	0.98	0.09	0.26	96	1
Americas	90	111	8-1,970	0.87	6.10	3.82	71	1

The simulations assumed the model of population history in Figure 1 and the mean divergence time estimates in Table 2. Simulations were carried out with a uniform prior distribution on N_f of 1 to 100,000 for each regional group. The statistics for the pseudo-observed values (R², Bias, RMSE, Coverage, and Factor 2) are as defined in the legend to Table 2.

ISSN: 2041-2223